Emotionalism

Aesthetics – Emotionalism ART – 170-N Indiana Wesleyan University April 13, 2013 Abstract I have read and understand the plagiarism policy as outlined in the syllabus and the sections in the Student Bulletin relating to the IWU Honesty/Cheating Policy. By affixing this statement to the title page of my paper, I certify that I have not cheated or plagiarized in the process of completing this assignment. If it is found that cheating and/or plagiarism did take place in the writing of this paper, I understand the possible consequences of the act/s, which could include expulsion from Indiana Wesleyan University.Aesthetics – Emotionalism When it comes to art work there are several different theories of understanding and interpreting art work. The best way this author understands art work and appreciates art work is through emotionalism. The theory of emotionalism is defined as, â€Å"the most important element about a work of art is its vivid communication of moods, f eelings, and ideas† (Indiana Wesleyan University Syllabus, 2013). For art work to speak to this author there must be vivid feelings, an obvious mood displayed, or an idea of understanding.While there are several pieces of art throughout the textbook, Gardner’s Art through the Ages, there are three that really show why this author appreciates art work with emotionalism shown. These three pieces of art will show why emotionalism is something to be appreciated in art work. The first piece of art that depicts emotionalism is, the portrait of Caracalla, ca 211-217 CE, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, p. 114 (Kleiner, 2010, p. 114). To this author the portrait depicts emotion or feelings. If one was to look at this piece one might think that this person was angered or in fear of someone or something.A piece of art that makes one think, what is going on or what is on this person’s mind, is a piece of art that this author really appreciates. Emotionalism art work is art work that makes the viewer look for feelings in which this piece does. This author believes that the portrait of Caracalla is a great example of the theory of emotionalism, and could easily be described as to why. The next example of emotionalism found in the text book is, A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, New York Public Library, New York, p. 360 (Kleiner, 2010, p. 360).The art work is a picture of a field with dead soldiers lying all over. This art work depicts all of the vivid communication found in emotionalism. With moods, in this art work, one might feel sad or happy (depending on what side you are on). With feelings one could feel anger or sadness from the loss. Or one could feel overwhelmed and not sure what to do. The emotion of feeling is endless in this piece as it would depend on what side one is looking at this piece. The final emotion is ideas. With ideas in this piece, one might think that this side lost or could draw quick conclusions by the death to tal.This piece of art prompts a lot of ideas that could quickly draw one to the piece. The title alone would lead one to draw ideas on what has happened. This author feels that this piece of art work is another great piece that show emotionalism. The final piece of art that this author feels that best shows emotionalism is, Max Beckmann, Night, 1918-1919 Kunstsammlung Noedrhein-Westfalen, Dusseldorf, p. 400 (Kleiner, 2010, p. 400). This piece of art displays the feelings of the artist as to portray what he believed was the brutality of the 20th century. The art work shows disfigured people being pulled, stretched, and twisted.This art work gives the idea that society is harsh and people are being torn apart trying to survive. Again, this is another great example of emotionalism, because the people in the art work show feeling and moods. This art work could easily be described as a display of emotion. This could also be described as art work to show the hectic change of event brought on by the new society’s expectations. This work by Max Beckmann is a great piece to explain emotionalism at the theory behind it. As one can see there are several ways to emphasize emotionalism.These three pieces of art work that this author has chosen, will show you the ideas behind the theory and how to depict each idea. There are many ways to see and understand emotionalism in art work. These three examples are just a few that will help one better understand what emotionalism is and how to find it in art. This author hopes that his examples were found to be helpful in gaining a better understanding behind his chosen theory and would encourage one to explore emotionalism in art. References Kleiner, F. S. (2010). Gardner’s Art through the Ages (2nd ed. ). Boston, MA: Wadsworth.

Sweatshops essays

Sweatshops essays How do Sweatshops tie into our Nations Products? Many companies and schools in the United States buy their products from factories that have their workers working in horrible conditions. That is employing over 50,000 workers to work in these conditions. They have the workers work from 5 A.M. until nighttime inhaling dangerous chemicals and working in temperatures that get as high as 130 degrees. These high temperatures cause heat stress, burns, and injuries to workers. Many of the factories that the United States buys from are in another countries. In these countries they have horrible working conditions. Working in these places called sweatshops should be banned. Sweatshops are a shop or factory in which employees work long hours at low wages under poor conditions. These factories cause problems for their workers later in the worker's life. Occasionally these problems lead to death. Many workers do not get to see a doctor when they are ill. Workers choose to go work to make money rather than see a doctor. Most do not receive regular vaccinations that help their body fight against "smallpox, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, and diphtheria". A sweatshop factory brings visions of dangerous, filthy, and cramped conditions. Many of these sweatshops do not pay their workers the right amount. "In Bangladesh and Myanmar, they pay ten to eighteen cents; in China, Pakistan, Vietnam, India, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia they pay twenty to sixty-eight cents per hour. Why do owners pay their workers so little? The wages they give these workers should be different. Many of these factories hire children who are ineligible to work in these places. About 250 million children between the ages five and fourteen work in sweatshops. Half of these children are working full time and one third of them are working in extremely dangerous conditions. These children do not belong working in such dangerous conditions. "Many of these childre...

Analyze and Evaluate a patient with a mobility problem in relation to the rehabilitation process

Analyze and Evaluate a patient with a mobility problem in relation to the rehabilitation process Free Online Research Papers I have focused on a client whom has mobility impairment due to recurring falls. This patient was referred to the care of the elderly ward where she received intense rehabilitation to help maintain independence. I will explore the issue as a holistic assessment. For this care study the names of the people and places concerned have been altered in order to protect and maintain confidentially, this is to abide by the Nursing and Midwifery Council Code of Professional Conduct (NMC) 2004. The name of the client for this care study will be called Mrs Eileen Adams. (See appendix). Mrs Adams was admitted to the care of the elderly ward for rehabilitation purposes. Rehabilitation is described by Mosby (2006) as the restoration of a patient to normal or near normal function after a disabling disease or injury. Gibbon (1992) expands on this by defining rehabilitation as being concerned with the restoration of an individual’s social, physical and emotional function and their abilities to their prior level. However in Mrs Adams situation this was not a realistic aim. This holistic view of rehabilitation is also in agreement with Walsh (2002) who states that rehabilitation as re-enablement must have a therapeutic value for the person concerned, with the ultimate aim of maximising their social well being. This was evident in Mrs Adams case as by rehabilitating her independence was promoted. Upon admission to the ward the nursing intervention was to assess her needs and goals. The Roper-Logan-Tierney model of nursing practice was used to assess her needs. A model such as this is practised in a health care setting as living is a process in which we all undertake activities daily and it is necessary that health care professionals can assess and evaluate goals for patients in order to aid in the progression to a healthier life (Holland et al, 2004). Also this model is based on patient centred care which proves more beneficial to the patient as it prevents, alleviates and solves the problems the patient has encountered (Holland et al, 2004). The Roper-Logan-Tierney model consists of twelve activities of living. (See appendix 2). A falls assessment and a moving and handling assessment were also carried out. Following Mrs Adams needs assessment it was evident that the activities she needed assisting with was personal cleansing, dressing and most importantly mobilising. Her falls assessment and her moving and handling assessment proved that she not capable of maintaining a safe environment as she was at high risk of accidents. Theses assessments are vital to patient centred care the National Service Framework for Older People (NSF) (2001) is a key concept in the care of an older person. Upon admission Mrs Adams was referred to the physiotherapists. The multidisciplinary team worked closely together in Mrs Adams rehabilitation process. Involving her in her own care and the decision making process, this empowered Mrs Adams which is considered good practice (Thompson, 2004). Empowerment is defined as a process of helping people to assert control over the factors which affect their lives (Gibson, 1991). Also by involving a patient in the decision making process promotes their individuality (NSF 2001). By complying with these needs Alexander et al (2006) cited the work of Evans et al (1995) that a multidisciplinary team brings together separate but interlinked professional skills to improve Mrs Adams chance of attaining her goals. Mrs Adams had a combination of long and short term goals. Her short term goal was to improve her mobility hence promoting her independence this in turn would make personal cleansing and dressing easier. Her long term goal was to go home and reg ain her independence. Care plans were issued to help the multidisciplinary team; her strengths were focused on rather than her weaknesses (Davis et al (1999). This approach aided Mrs Adams progress as she was very determined to go home. Together Mrs Adams and the team identified her needs, clarified her goals and set targets also taking into account her base line of function; this is considered good practice by Walsh et al (1999) Activity of living: Mobilising independently As mentioned previously to aid the development of Mrs Adams mobilising she was referred to the physiotherapist. Also Mrs Adams was very determined and persistent to reach her previous ability to mobilise, her family were also very proactive in her care which Brummel-Smith (2003) states that patients whose families are active members in their rehabilitation are nearly 25% more likely to return home from the acute hospital Ryan (2004) states that being in control of movement coincides with pride, dignity and self esteem hence mobility problems relate to substantial psychological and emotional effects. This is confirmed again by Ryan (2004) that a minor reduction in mobility can have a negative impact on a person’s outlook and quality of life. Yet Mrs Adams was fully aware that the rehabilitation process was a slow and gradual process. It was also vital for the team to find a balance between helping Mrs Adams to do a certain task and allowing her to do the activity during her rehabilitation program was sometimes difficult as providing as providing too much assistance caused Mrs Adams to be disempowered along with doing too little may cause Mrs Adams to struggle unnecessarily. Thus it is important to carry out assessments and evaluation continuously. Analysis of Roper et al’s five factors, influencing activities of living include biological, psychological, sociocultural, environmental and politico economic are very important factors when mobilising a patient and will be taken into consideration. However the only factors that apply to Mrs Adams are biological and sociocultural. Biologically mobilisation of Mrs Adams was vital in order to reduce her risk of pressure sores and deep vein thrombosis, (SIGN, 2002). Committee of the Institute of Medicine Division of Health Care Services (1990), also supports that early mobilisation is key in promoting the biological health of the patient and reducing risks of deep vein thrombosis also Mrs Adams body posture affected her mobility as she has a bent spine due to kyphosis. Socioculturally Mrs Adams suffers from a worsening condition of congestive cardiac failure (CCF), PPM, high blood pressure, diverticulitis, angina, arthritis in her left knee which has caused an abnormality, heart failure, shortness of breath whilst eating. Upon admission Mrs Adams was transferred from bed to chair using the full hoist. However the use of a full hoist in Mrs Adams case was not beneficial as she had the potential to be mobile. Full hoists do not promote the independence of a person and causes muscle wastage (Smith, 2005). Hence it was in Mrs Adams best interest to mobilise without the use of the hoist in addition to this Mrs Adams did not feel comfortable transferring with the aid of a hoist as she stated she found it intimidating. Upon Mrs Adams admission a Waterlow was carried out. Carrying out this procedure is considered good practice as Laverty, Naylor and Soady (2004) states that patients with a risk of acquiring a pressure ulcer should be assessed either on admission to hospital or in the community when they first come into contact with the health care services. However, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2001) argue that risk assessment tool’s are to be used as only a guideline to support nurs e’s clinical judgement hence not to replace it. However Walsh (2002) deems that the Waterlow tool is only successful if used regularly, upon admission or when a patient condition changes. Following the physiotherapist assessment it was clear to the multi-disciplinary team that Mrs Adams had the potential without the aid of a full hoist. The physiotherapist worked with Mrs Adams twice daily and each session lasted forty five minutes. Within one week Mrs Adams was mobilising with the aid of a frame. This promoted her self esteem and her social function and through this assisted in her rehabilitation (Alexander, 2006 and Walsh, 2002). This also helped rehabilitate Mrs Adams by promoting her independence in this activity of living which is in accordance with the NMC (2004) as one should involve clients in their own care. Ryan (2004) states that being in control of movement coincides with pride, dignity and self esteem hence mobility problems relate to substantial psychological and emotional effects. Therefore by mobilising Mrs Adams the team promoted her psychological rehabilitation (Alexander, 2006) by reducing the risk of her acquiring a DVT (Committee of the Institute of Medicine Division of Health Care Services 1990). Throughout the rehabilitation process decision making was a continuous issues surrounding Mrs Adams treatment. Mrs Adams felt that she would be much happier to continue her therapy at home with her family. As a professional involved in her care, I felt that her decision would not benefit her progress as Elton and Valente (2003) cite the work of Anderson et al (2000) who found early discharge did not improve (or worsen) health or quality of life for patients at home. Mayo et al (2000) (as cited by Elton and Valente 2003) agrees with early discharge; provided that the appropriate home based rehabilitation was present. I felt that it would benefit Mrs Adams to finish her rehabilitation in hospital, as Mrs Adams finds it hard to cope with change. Right through Mrs Adams care, a nurse-patient relationship developed between Mrs Adams and I. This had an advantage as Mrs Adams had self belief and confidence in my decision making ability (Williams 2006) and agreed to continue his therapy in h ospital despite the concerns of her family while relying on my ability to engaging Mrs Adams to share the power and control of the decision made (Castledine 2005). Also evidence suggests that early rehabilitation in hospital will improve the patient’s outcome (DoH 2001). Activity of living: Personal cleansing and dressing. As mentioned in the appendix Mrs Adams was having difficulties coping with her personal cleansing and dressing. As Mrs Adams was very pro active regarding her care it gave the team a good insight into her daily life this insight was also reinforced by her family’s involvement. It was clear that Mrs Adams was very hygienic and proud of her appearance. Her lack of motivation for her personal hygiene could be due to her increasing lack of mobility or shortness of breath as this would inevitably make it difficult to stand for long periods of time. Roper et al (1996) states that old age is an major factor regarding personal cleansing and dressing as when we get older, even the most menial of tasks can be a struggle and can be emotionally damaging to a persons self esteem when an individuals ability is compromised. As Mrs Adams was more mobile at this stage of her rehabilitation process thus it was decided that a washing and dressing assessment was carried out this was done by the occupational therapists. The occupational therapists and the nursing team worked very closely for Mrs Adams to achieve optimal independence with his activities of living. Mrs Adams walked with the aid of her frame to the toilet then she was left in private to have a strip wash. Mrs Adams was advised to wash the areas of her body she had the ability to reach and to call for assistance for the areas she was unable to wash. Twigg (2000) believes that washing and dressing is a private activity where socially and culturally a person carries out ones own hygiene needs to there own ability and comfort. This considered good nursing practice by Dougherty et al (2004). The Department of Health (2001), states that it is of utmost importance to ensure that patient privacy and dignity in maintained. Research shows that there is evidence to prove that treating people with dignity and providing dignified care can have a positive effect on treatment, social outcomes and health and well-being (Tadd et al (2002). When Mrs Adams called for assistance the only area of which she was unable to reach was her back, assistance was given while assisting Mrs Adams care was taken not to reveal any part of her body that was not necessary to be exposed this was done to maintain privacy, dignity and body temperature. This is considered good nursing practice by Dougherty et al (2004). The Department of Health (2001), states that it is of utmost importance to ensure that patient privacy and dignity in maintained. Research shows that there is evidence to prove that treating people with dignity and providing dignified care can have a positive effect on treatment, social outcomes and health and well-being (Tadd et al, 2002). When the assessment commenced it was clear that the only factor affecting Mrs Adams washing and dressing technique was her decreased mobility, this is evident as when her mobility was restored her independence grew. Hence Mrs Adams felt more confident and thus was enabled to pursue her activities of living prior to her admission to the care of the elderly ward. At this stage Mrs Adams was ready for discharge, her mobility was regained and her cleansing and hygiene needs were restored. With the support of her family the team were confident that Mrs Adams could cope at home. Mrs Adams time spent in hospital was not a prolonged one. This was due to the fact the team empowered her and encouraged Mrs Adams to make her own choices about the care that she received. This is considered to be good practice as Walsh (2002) believes that good nursing care is the willingness to work with people to help them make informed choices for themselves. This compounded with the fact that she was given the option of verbal consent which is in accordance with the NMC (2004). Overall Mrs Adams rehabilitation process was a successful one the mulit-disciplinary team worked well together and successfully shared information gained through assessment which leads to a positive outcome for the patient (Nolan et al, 1996). The nursing team played a considerable role within Mrs Adams care in rehabilitating her. This involved maintaing physical well being of Mrs Adams, providing high quality of care such as prior to Mrs Adams mobilization the nursing staff positioned her to help prevent pressure ulcers occurring as immobility can result, there was also consistant bed side care. In conclusion Mrs Adams time on the ward was a successful one. Assessments were carried out which included the Roper-Logan-Tierney model of nursing of twelve activities of living in which two act ivies were concentrated upon. A holistic good was taken into account when considering five factors, biological, psychological, sociocultural, environmental and politico economic. I have gained good knowledge and realised that patient centred goal planning is the key to effective rehabilitation. By encouraging self autonomy and self efficacy helped to promote the patient to choose the best and possible treatment. I focused on this patient as I felt that this would have been an excellent opportunity to work and learn the essential skills that are required in the process of rehabilitation. It was such an achievement to know that Mrs Adams was able to return home to her family. I have gained may skills such as making nursing judgement of Mrs Adams progress which I was able to report back to the other team members, provided better patient care around her rehabilitation such as promoting independence. I feel that this was successful for both Mrs Adams and I. Reference list for reflection Alexander M., Faucett J., Runciman P., 2006 Nursing practice: Hospital and Home: The adult 3rd edition. Churchill Livingstone, London Brummel-Smith J, 2003 Guide to the handling of people 5th edition HTT manager service limited in sheilfing Castledine G 2005 Nurses must strengthen the nurse/patient relationship British journal of nursing 14 (1); 55 Committee of the Institute of Medicine Division of Health Care Services 1990 http://www8.nationalacademies.org/cp/default.aspx Davis S, O’Connor 1999 Rehabilitation nursing foundations for practice. Baillierre Trindal, London Department of Health., 2001 National service framework for older people. DoH, London Dougherty L., Lister S., 2004 Manual of clinical nursing procedures 6th edition. Blackwell Science, London. Gibbon B., 1992 The patient in need of rehabilitation In: Alexender M,. Faucett J., Runciman P., (eds) Nursing practice: Hospital and Home: the adult 3rd edition. Churchill Livingstone, London pg 1117 Gibson., 1991 A concept Analysis of Empowerment. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 16:354-61 Holland K, Jenkins J, T Soloman, Whittau J 2004 The Nursing model in practice, 4th edition. Churchill Livingstone, London Mosby 2006 Mosby’s dictionary of medicine, nursing and health professions 6th edition. Mosby Elsevier, Missouri. National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) 2001 Inherited clinical guidance: pressure ulcer risk assessment and prevention. NICE, London Nursing and Midwifery Council 2004 The NMC code of professional conduct: standards for conduct, performance and ethics NMC London. Tadd W., Bayer A., 2002 Dignity in health care: reality or rhetoric, reviews in clinical gerontology. 12 (4) 1-4 Thompson N. 2006 Anti-discriminatory practice 4th edition. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. Walsh M., 2003 Watson’s clinical nursing and related sciences 6th edition. Bailliere Tindall, London Walsh K, Roberts J, Bennett G, 1999 Health carre for elderly; mobility in lod age [online] British Nursing Index 16 (2): 69-74. Avaible from www.bri.com [27.01.2007] Willams J 2005 Advances in prevention and treatment of stroke and TIA Nursing Times 101 (14) 30-32. Roper N, Logan W, Tierney A, The elements of nursing: A model for nursing based on a model of living. 4th edition Churchill Livingstone London. Ryan J, Berry J, Lang AF, Kneafsey R, 2002 The role of nurses in the multi professional rehabilitation general advice or nurses. 37 (1):70-78 Triggs G, 2005, Fundamentals of nursing essence of care, Oxtoby, London Appendix Mrs Eileen Adams is 93 year old lady. She lives alone in a semi detached bungalow. Her main carers are her son and his wife, whom live in a caravan in the garden and are very supportive. She also has two daughters, one visit’s on Thursdays and the other on Tuesdays. Two weeks prior to Mrs Adams admission she was able to carry out all of her activities s of daily living independently. At home Mrs Adams mobilises with a frame, she has a commode by her bed and uses a raiser/recliner chair. Mrs Adams also has a stair lift in situ. She has a wheelchair for when she goes outside. Her family maintains that she needs a lot of help with cooking and cleaning and believe that her ability to cope with her own personal hygiene has declined. However Mrs Adams suffered a fall in her home. Upon admission to the ward she was for all care and was transferred from bed to chair with the aid of a full hoist. Mrs Adams suffers from a worsening condition of congestive cardiac failure (CCF), PPM, hi gh blood pressure, diverticulitis, angina, arthritis in her left knee which has caused an abnormality, heart failure, shortness of breath whilst eating and she also has a kyphotictt back of which causes her lean forward in a bent position of her spine this has resulted in an altered sense of gravity. Mrs Adams has no past history of smoking and no known drug allergies. While in hospital the medication she received was, Perindoril 2mg (po) this drug is used for heart failure and hypertension (BNF 2002), Lansoprazole 15 mg (po) this drug inhibits gastric acid by blocking the hydrogen-potassium adenosine triphosphatase enzyme system of the gastric parietal cell (BNF 2002), Asprin 75 mg (po) this is used for mild to moderate pain or the prevention of an MI (BNF), Clexane 20 mg subcationuasaly this injection is important for anticoagulation (BNF2002). Her family are concerned that when their mother is discharged from hospital that she will not cope and they believe that she should recei ve 24 hour care. Throughout this care study, I have gained my patients consent before any treatment of care commenced, I will remain confidential at all times regarding the patients name (0f which has been altered) and condition. Cooperate as a team member by exchanging information to other professionals when necessary and maintaining my professional knowledge and compliance at all time (Code of Professional Conduct NMC 2004) British Medical Association 2005, British National Formulary London, BMJ Publishing Group pp. Nursing and Midwifery Council 2004 The NMC code of professional conduct: standards for conduct, performance and ethics NMC London. Research Papers on Analyze and Evaluate a patient with a mobility problem in relation to the rehabilitation processArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Three Concepts of PsychodynamicIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalResearch Process Part OneThe Project Managment Office SystemThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesGenetic EngineeringMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Fifth Horseman

The various exit strategies that investors may use and the Essay

The various exit strategies that investors may use and the implications for commercialization - Essay Example The exit strategy of the investors is in line with the objectives of the organization and the plans for future growth (Mayo, 2010). The various methods of liquidating the stakes of the company include issuance of the Initial Public Offerings, Merger and Acquisition, Sell-out of the company and transfer of shares to another family member. The exit strategies of the investors are also influenced by the objectives of commercialization that requires attaining the best price for exit of the investment position. Exit strategies used by investors The majority of the stakes in an organization are held by the shareholders who have invested in the companies for future growth with an objective of the maximization of wealth. The attraction of investors by the organization depends on the provision of exit strategies provided to them. The exit strategies of the investors provide them with the opportunity to liquidate their investments in the companies in terms of converting their shareholdings int o cash amounts. The exit strategy of the investors falls in the same line with that of the organization which demands a higher market price against the prevailing intrinsic value of the stocks (Butler, 1993). The investors may be institutional investors or venture capitalists or angel investors who own the equity of the business from the time of start up. The investors look for a high return from the investments and an exit strategy over a period of 3 to 7 years. The exit strategies of the investors revolve around the management decisions of issuance of IPO of the company, entering into the process of the mergers and acquisitions, sell out of the company stakes or hand-over of business to another member of the family. The companies look to issue Initial Public Offering by selling the shares held by the held by stakeholders to the public for trading in the public stock exchange. In the process of issue of shares to the public, the investors would be able to liquidate their position a nd exit their position of investments (Northcott, 1992). When the investors sell a part of the stake, the investors loose their ownership control over the decisions of the management. In cases where merger and acquisition takes place, the buy out of the company by another larger player would enable the investors to exit their position of shareholdings in the company. In the process of merger and acquisition, the stocks bought by the acquiring company make provision for the investors of the acquired company to exit their position of investment. In case of sell-out of the company to another player in the industry, the existing investors would be able to cash out their investments in the company. The handover of the management to another family business could also be an exit strategy for the investors in order to cash out their investments. Implications of commercialization The aspect of commercialization has significant implications on the exit strategy of the investors. The various c onsiderations from the point of view of commercialization are the time of exit for the investors from their position of investment, the target group to which the stakes of the company should be sold and the method of exit preferred by the company. The objective of commercializat

The Impacts of International Agreements on Domestic Policy Research Paper

The Impacts of International Agreements on Domestic Policy - Research Paper Example These include presence of domestic distortions that may counter the process of investment and adjustment in new activities. Moreover, it is purported that trade gains and performance enjoyed by a nation relies on activities and performance of their trading partners. It is evident that foreign market accessibility reduces has both positive and negative effects on the trading activities of a given country. They can either raise or lower imports’ prices. Similarly, they have detrimental effects on the growth potential, investment incentives, and terms of trade of developing nations (Trela et al 271). Multilateral and bilateral international agreements have been identified to facilitate in addressing externalities or negative pecuniary spillovers chanced by trading partners’ policies. In addition, they help in adoption of feasible national policies and be implemented as instruments to solve non-pecuniary externalities. Rather than just focusing on national policies that imp acts pecuniary spillovers as the primary objective, attention has been raised due to the prevalence expansion of the domestic policies also known as the â€Å"behind the border† policies. ... Controversies emerge in cases where trade agreements are extended behind the border policies. This is in regards to government difficulties in drawing boundaries of the world trade organizations. Moreover, the government is faced with difficulties in determining the type of international organizations that can be better pursued through international trade organizations. Since, there exists no specific solution; specific analysis is inherent of the status quo domestic policies implications. Further, magnitude and existence of any negative spillovers and the benefits and costs impact of alternative forms of international associations is essential regarding to binding and voluntary dimensions. International agreements fostering trade liberalization have little impacts on economic growth stimulation in countries with distorted capital, markets, and product. Studies show that increased openness to commerce positively correlates to income in all nations or regions. Nevertheless, it is asso ciated with lower living standards in countries that impose high costs on restructuring or heavily controls new entry. Domestic policies in this sense restrict navigation of resources to sectors or firms exhibiting productive developments. Trade openness productivity effects are positively defined by entry and exit of firms rather turnover rates. Therefore, international trades associations facilitate rather allow reallocation of production factors, particularly policies that promote domestic competition exemplified by entry and exit of resources and flexibility in the labour market (Bako 78). Governments are faced with challenges on how to embrace international agreements in solving domestic distortions and enhancing trade-related institutions. International

B202 PART B TMA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

B202 PART B TMA - Essay Example Higher the ratio, higher is the margin of safety for the creditors. Main ratios used in the analysis are: For looking at long term trends in performance key ratios (as above) were obtained for the years 2005 to 2008. Comparison of these ratios over these four years shows the trend for the enterprise whether it is upward, downward or stagnant. It was also thought prudent to see how the enterprise stands as compared to the industry. In view of the fact that at present the economy is going through an exceptional downturn, it was thought best to analyze the past performance by averaging the data from 2005 to 2008. The average of figures from 2005 to 2008 obtained was then taken as base to calculate the analytical ratios. These ratios were then compared with the industry ratios to highlight the areas in which Tesco’s performance is better than its competitors. Profitability- In terms of profitability Gross Profit Margin is range bound showing only a marginal decline of 0.11% over four year period from 2005 to 2008. Thus there is no significant change in terms of operating cost or sale price in the years under consideration. Net Profit Margin has shown slight improvement in the comparative analysis by half a percent i.e., 0.508. Thus even though gross profit ratio is almost stagnant there is slight upward trend in net profit, this could be due to higher turnover wherein the net profit tends to increase after reaching breakeven point for every increase in sales. The other two profitability ratios also indicate the effectiveness of management in managing the resources and they reveal a small but definite upward trend over the four years. Return on assets has grown by 0.501% from 2005 to 2008. Return on equity shows even better growth of 2.301%. Thus retained earnings seem to have yielded increased profit over the years. The Liquidity Ratios on the other

Panopticism he states that the development of discipline Essay Example for Free

Panopticism he states that the development of discipline Essay In Michel Foucaults (1975) excerpt, Panopticism he states that the development of discipline in the 18th and 19th centuries came from he emergence of prison as the form of punishment for every crime. During these times the major crimes committed were from the French Revolution and the major riots and civil unrest in the French society. In these prisons the Panopticon puts the inmates in a different state in which each one is there own separate individual. Foucault states that the major effect of these Panopticon are that they â€Å"induce the inmate in a state of conscious and permanent visibility that assures the automatic functioning of power. † †Such a structure allows individuals to be seen and restricts their ability to communicate with the security, the warden, or other prisoners. In this case, crowds are nonexistent and each person is confined to their cell where they can be viewed by the watcher. He states that this new form of punishment lead to the development of a whole new kind of individuality for bodies. The brilliance of this prison is that the Panopticon forces blindness onto the prisoner where he or she is never sure if someone’s watching or not, inducing a harmless form of paranoia, keeping people in place. When a person is accused of a crime, society finds upon itself the responsibility of punishing him or her. The question of morality, however, is finding the perfect punishment in compensation of the crime that was committed. With the Panopticon, rather than breaking them down physically by using tortures like the thumbscrew or whips, prisoners can be broken down mentally, which allows the reconstruction of their mentality. This entire theory is effective due to the natural desire that people in general have to conform to society’s pressures. After all, it is ingrained in the natural being of humans to know that in order to survive, everyone needs a place in society whether it is as the businessman or as a joker. The fear of complete abandonment from this institution allows the system to work properly. Next, the Panopticon is essential to society in its ability to give a prisoner the chance of redeeming himself or herself to become a crucial part of society again. Instead of seeing revenge on the prisoners, this system allows them to be reformed through a force of habit. As prisoners get used to the idea that they’re being watched at all times with or without their knowledge, they adjust their behavior to meet society’s standards and norms. Thus, with a strong sense of paranoia, once the prisoner comes out of the Panopticon, he or she will rethink any decisions of breaking the rules. Once the person goes through that phase of the Panopticon imprisonment, he or she is set for a regular life in the real world with human interaction. In addition, with the Panopticon, power isn’t centralized in the hands of the warden or prison guards. The mere concept of being spied on causes others to display normal behavior, one that they want to portray to society. The real punishment that the prisoner goes through is one within his or her own mind where due to paranoia, the person shapes up to meet the rules of society in what is right rather than wrong. In this case, no one has power over another and even the amount of guards can be lessened; the prisoner is unable to tell the difference as to who is watching or how many people are watching. Power isn’t given to people but is within the architecture of the Panopticon. There will be no more vicious beatings of prisoners and no more degradation of them. In the end, they’re like everyone else, another everyday person in today’s world. Panopticism creates self-discipline forced into play through one’s own mentality of paranoia and fear, allowing criminals to be broken down mentally instead of physically, to redeem themselves as a part of society again, and to allow power to not be centralized in the hands of the warden or prison guards. It’s not only an effective system but it’s also efficient in the way that those separated from society may still have the ability to blend back in after undergoing this type of imprisonment. As a result, the concept of a Panopticon would certainly be better than the status quo where punishment is used and people are locked away behind bars without given a chance to prove that they’re reformed. Any cruel and unusual punishments that may occur are abolished and finally, for those who have made a mistake or two, redemption is finally possible.